{"id":7058,"date":"2026-02-11T14:29:48","date_gmt":"2026-02-11T06:29:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/?p=7058"},"modified":"2026-02-11T14:29:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T06:29:50","slug":"chicago-turabian-the-footnote-styles-explained-a-guide-for-history-islamic-studies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/chicago-turabian-the-footnote-styles-explained-a-guide-for-history-islamic-studies\/","title":{"rendered":"Chicago &amp; Turabian: Kaki Gaya Menjelaskan (Panduan untuk Sejarah &amp; Kajian Islam)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"bsf_rt_marker\"><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are a student at the <strong>International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)<\/strong> or the <strong>Academy of Islamic Studies at UM<\/strong>, you are likely familiar with the &#8220;little number&#8221; at the top of a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Science and Business students use brackets like <em>(Ali, 2023)<\/em>, historians and legal scholars use <strong>Footnotes<\/strong>\u00b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the domain of the <strong>Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)<\/strong> and its student-friendly cousin, <strong>Turabian<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why do we use it? Because in History and Religion, the <em>source<\/em> is often a conversation. You don&#8217;t just want to cite the book; you want to comment on it, argue with it, or translate a specific Arabic term\u2014all without breaking the flow of the main text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, Chicago style is notoriously difficult to format in Microsoft Word. Here is your guide to mastering the &#8220;Notes and Bibliography&#8221; system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/the-definitive-guide-to-thesis-formatting-citation-styles-in-malaysia-2026-edition\/\">More on Citations\/References.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. The Core Difference: Notes vs. Author-Date<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, a warning. Chicago actually has <strong>two<\/strong> systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Author-Date System:<\/strong> Looks like APA. Used in social sciences. (Rarely used in Malaysia).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Notes-Bibliography System:<\/strong> Uses superscript numbers\u00b9. <strong>This is what 99% of History\/Islamic Studies students need.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>How it works:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>In the Text:<\/strong> You place a superscript number at the end of the sentence.<em>&#8221; The treaty was signed in 1957, effectively ending the conflict.\u00b9&#8221;<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>At the Bottom of the Page (Footnote):<\/strong>\u00b9 Ali Ahmad, <em>The History of Malaya<\/em> (Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2020), 45.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>At the End of the Thesis (Bibliography):<\/strong>Ahmad, Ali. <em>The History of Malaya<\/em>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2020.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Notice the difference?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Footnote:<\/strong> First Name Last Name, (Parentheses around publication info), Page Number. Comma separators.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bibliography:<\/strong> Last Name, First Name. No parentheses. Period separators.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. &#8220;Full Note&#8221; vs. &#8220;Short Note&#8221; (The Death of Ibid.)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the old days, if you cited the same book twice in a row, you used the Latin word <em>Ibid.<\/em> (meaning &#8220;in the same place&#8221;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Update for 2026:<\/strong> The Chicago Manual (17th &amp; 18th Editions) now discourages <em>Ibid.<\/em> because if you move paragraphs around, <em>Ibid.<\/em> refers to the wrong book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead, use <strong>Short Notes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>First Citation (Full Note):<\/strong>\u00b9 Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, <em>Islam and Secularism<\/em> (Kuala Lumpur: ABIM, 1978), 12.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Second Citation (Short Note):<\/strong>\u00b2 al-Attas, <em>Islam and Secularism<\/em>, 45.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Rule:<\/strong> The first time you cite a source, give the full details. Every time after that, just use <strong>Author + Title + Page<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Chicago vs. Turabian: What is the Difference?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You will often see thesis manuals say &#8220;Follow Turabian Style.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Chicago:<\/strong> The massive, 1,000-page manual for professional publishers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Turabian:<\/strong> A smaller manual written by Kate L. Turabian specifically for <strong>students writing theses<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Verdict:<\/strong> They are 99% identical. If your university says &#8220;Turabian,&#8221; you can select &#8220;Chicago 17th Edition&#8221; in your reference software (EndNote\/Mendeley), and it will be correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. How to Cite the Quran and Hadith (Malaysian Context)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For students at <strong>IIUM<\/strong> or <strong>USIM<\/strong>, citing religious texts is a daily requirement. Chicago has specific rules for this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A. The Quran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You do <strong>not<\/strong> list the Quran in your Bibliography. You only cite it in the footnotes or text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Format:<\/strong> <em>Chapter Name<\/em> (Surah Number):Verse Number.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Example (Footnote):<\/strong>\u00b3 <em>Al-Baqarah<\/em> (2):255.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Note:<\/strong> You should mention which <a href=\"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/academic-language-translation-services\/\">translation<\/a> you are using in the first citation.\u2074 <em>Al-Baqarah<\/em> (2):255 (Abdullah Yusuf Ali trans.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B. Hadith<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like the Quran, well-known Hadith collections are often cited in notes only.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Example:<\/strong>\u2075 <em>Sahih al-Bukhari<\/em>, Book of Knowledge, hadith 123.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. The Bibliography Formatting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Bibliography appears at the very end of your thesis. It must be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Alphabetical:<\/strong> By author&#8217;s last name.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Hanging Indent:<\/strong> The first line is flush left; the second line is indented.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Why?<\/em> This makes it easy to scan for names.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib. <em>Islam and Secularism<\/em>. Kuala Lumpur: ABIM, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hooker, M. B. <em>Islamic Law in South-East Asia<\/em>. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1984.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Microsoft Word &#8220;Footnote&#8221; Disaster<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Trap:<\/strong> Do not type the little &#8220;1&#8221; manually and then type at the bottom of the page. If you add a sentence later, your numbers will be wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The Fix:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Go to the <strong>References<\/strong> tab in Word.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Click <strong>&#8220;Insert Footnote&#8221;<\/strong> (large button).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Word will automatically create the number and jump to the bottom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even better: Use the <strong>EndNote\/Mendeley plugin<\/strong>. It handles the &#8220;Full Note&#8221; to &#8220;Short Note&#8221; conversion automatically.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Summary Checklist for History\/Law Students<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Check the Position:<\/strong> Is the number \u00b9 at the end of the sentence (after the period)?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Check the Indent:<\/strong> Does your Bibliography have a hanging indent?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Check the Names:<\/strong> In Footnotes: <em>First Last<\/em>. In Bibliography: <em>Last, First<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Check the &#8220;Ibid&#8221;:<\/strong> Did you use Short Notes instead of <em>Ibid<\/em>? (Unless your supervisor is old-fashioned\u2014always ask!).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tired of formatting footnotes manually?<\/strong> One wrong move in Word can mess up 300 footnotes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/citations-references-adjustment-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"3226\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Citations &amp; References Adjustment]<\/a><\/strong> \u2013 We ensure every comma, parenthesis, and italicized title meets strict Chicago\/Turabian standards.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/manuscript-style-formatting-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"3234\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[Manuscript Style Formatting]<\/a><\/strong> \u2013 We fix the &#8220;Hanging Indents&#8221; and ensure your margins are correct for binding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>If you are a student at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) or the Academy of Islamic Studies at UM, you are likely familiar with the &#8220;little number&#8221; at the top of a sentence. While Science and Business students use brackets like (Ali, 2023), historians and legal scholars use Footnotes\u00b9. This is the domain of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7059,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_glsr_average":0,"_glsr_ranking":0,"_glsr_reviews":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[169,167,137,168,175],"class_list":["post-7058","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-citations-references-formatting","tag-bibliography","tag-chicago-style","tag-citations","tag-references","tag-turabian"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7058","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7058"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7058\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7059"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7058"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7058"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/proofreadingmalaysia.com\/ms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7058"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}